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VOREDIT (tm) Program Documentation Version 1.1 Copyright (C) 1987, 1990 by Voree Software 5894 Spring Valley Rd. Burlington, WI 53105 All Rights Reserved Phone: (414) 763-4522 Voice 8 a.m. - 8 p.m. Central Time December 27, 1990 A TWO-WINDOW, COMPARING EDITOR - 1 - TABLE OF CONTENTS PURPOSE, DISCLAIMER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 QUICK START Getting Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Editing One File, Two Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 SPECIAL OPTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 SPECIAL FEATURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 LIMITATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 FUNCTION KEYS On Line Help, File Save, File Change, Quit . . . . . . . . 8 Comparing Two Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Switching Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 KEY NAMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 NOTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 CURSOR MOVEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 VIEW MOVEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 INSERTING TEXT Insert Mode, Overwrite Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Extended Character Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 SAMPLE PRINTER CONTROL FILE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 EDITING COMMANDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 QUERY LINE EDITING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 BLOCK COMMANDS Set Block, Move, Copy, Delete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 File Write, File Read, Find Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 SEARCH COMMANDS Find, Find and Replace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 TEXT FORMATTING COMMANDS Paragraph Reformat, Word Move . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 SETUP COMMANDS Show All Differences, Margins, Word Wrap . . . . . . . . . 20 Insert Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 FILE AND WINDOW CONTROL Save, Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Quit, Exit, Two Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 - 2 - PURPOSE This text editor program, called VorEdit, was written by James D. Hajicek. It is intended to be a simple editor using basically the same control key commands employed by the WordStar word processing program and by many popular editors, and may be used to edit or to create pure ASCII text files. It runs on an IBM PC or compatible computer using PC-DOS or MS-DOS version 2.0 or greater. The most unique feature of VorEdit is the implementation of two-window editing, which is intended to allow two text files to be compared and the differences easily observed. VorEdit is also useful for simple editing tasks, such as creating and revising .BAT files. It may also be used to create printer control files, because the escape character, as well as other special characters may be entered into text files. DISCLAIMER This program has been carefully written and tested. However, the user of the program is solely responsible for determining if it is useful and adequate for the intended purpose. No warranty is expressed or implied. QUICK START *** GETTING INFORMATION *** Information about VorEdit may be obtained from the DOS prompt by using the following command: VOREDIT with no other parameters. This provides a quick reference to a few special options which may be used on the DOS command line. - 3 - *** EDITING ONE FILE *** In normal use, the text editor is started from the DOS prompt with the following command: VOREDIT filename where "filename" is the name of a pure ASCII text file. The following function keys are fundamental: F1 -- Displays a quick help screen. F2 -- Saves the text file. F3 -- Allows the user to select a different file to edit. F4 -- Quits the editor. By itself this does not save the file. F9 -- Opens a second window with another file. While editing, the upper right-hand corner of the window frame displays the current line and column position of the cursor. *** EDITING TWO FILES *** Two files may be edited simultaneously using the following command: VOREDIT filename1 filename2 In this case, the following function keys will be especially important in addition to the three mentioned above: F7 -- Compares the two files from the top. F8 -- Compares the two files onward from the current line of each. F9 -- Changes the active window from one file to the other. SPECIAL OPTIONS There are several options which may be also used on the command line. They must be separated from the file names and from each other by a space, but may be placed anywhere on the command line after the VOREDIT program name. See the example on page 14. Either upper or lower case letters may be used in these options. - 4 - +ALL Shows all differences on compared lines. Otherwise, when two files are compared, the first difference is highlighted up until a character is found which is not different, and further differences are not highlighted. This option may also be turned on and off while editing with the Ctrl-O-A keys. +JAM Causes the paragraph reformat commands, Ctrl-B and Alt-B, to compress all groups of multiple spaces to a single space. This is a stronger, more rigorous method of formatting a paragraph, but may be inconvenient because two spaces after a period will be changed to one, etc. -BEL Turns off the bell on errors. Otherwise, in the event of a DOS error or an attempt to move the cursor beyond column 10,000, the bell will be sounded once. -CLN Prevents the cleanup at the end of lines. Otherwise, when a line is modified in any way, any spaces at the end of the line are removed, and any irregular line ending, such as a lone CR (carriage-return) or a lone LF (line-feed) is converted to the standard CR LF pair. -BAK Prevents the creation of a backup file. Otherwise, when a save is made, the original file is renamed with a .BAK extension. Having the backup file is usually desirable, allowing the user to recover the original unaltered file if necessary. -EOF Prevents the addition to the end of the text file of an end-of-file character when a save is made. Use of this option might be desired, for example, if a printer control file is being created which will be sent to the printer from the DOS prompt with a COPY /B command. Such a file may contain escape sequences, but an extra end-of-file character (Ctrl-Z, ASCII 26) might be undesirable. +HID Causes the revised file to be created as a hidden file. The old file, renamed with a .BAK extension, always retains the attributes of the original file. Incidentally, VorEdit will edit a hidden file, a system file, or a read-only file, whether the +HID option is used or not. Only the renamed .BAK file retains the original attributes. - 5 - SPECIAL FEATURES VorEdit was created for comparing two different text files to easily identify differences. When used as originally intended, two different people enter the text of an important document, with each making occasional typing mistakes. VorEdit is then used to reconcile the two different versions of the document, correcting the errors in both until they are equal. This gives a version which is virtually error free. The editor has been used extensively in the above application. In addition, it has been found to be a useful programming tool, as old and new versions of a computer program may be compared to reveal the changes which were made. Also, when two different programmers work independently on the same source code file, the two resulting versions may be merged by comparing them to locate all new work, using the block copy from one to the other until both are equal. There is no limitation on line length. Lines as long as the entire file size are correctly processed. However, as a practical matter of display speed, in this version 1.1 the cursor is not allowed to increase beyond column 10,000. The viewing of long lines is limited to this extent. When the cursor moves beyond column 78, the view shifts to the right, and the beginning of the lines are no longer visible within the window. To remind the user of this, the left border of the window changes from a double line to a single line, and the corners of the window straighten out. Any character in the extended character set from ASCII 0 to ASCII 255 may be entered into a file, including isolated CR, LF, and EOF characters, which are ASCII 13, 10, and 26 respectively. The CR LF pair is of course also generated with the Enter key (when in insert mode). VorEdit was not developed with the intention of editing binary files, but it is robust enough to view any file whatever. Any of four conditions are interpreted as the end of a line: 1. A CR LF pair, ASCII 13 and ASCII 10. 2. A CR (carriage-return) alone followed by any character other than a LF. 3. An LF (line-feed) alone preceded by any character other than a CR. 4. An EOF (end-of-file) character, ASCII 26, whether at the end of a file or in the middle. The current version 1.1 will always remove extra EOF characters from the end of the file, but by using the -EOF and -CLN options, and working in overwrite mode or very carefully in insert mode, in most cases any text within a binary file may be modified with VorEdit and the file correctly saved. - 6 - VorEdit is definitely useful for creating printer control files, which may contain escape sequences. The escape character itself may be entered into a file using the Ctrl-P-[ or the Ctrl-P-Esc keys. Such files may be sent to a printer with a DOS COPY /B command. See the "Example Printer Control File" discussion below for more information. The help screens are available at all times on the Ctrl-J or the F1 keys. No extra files are needed to display these screens. The help screens are not intended to replace a manual, but will remind the user of the appropriate keys to use to perform a desired function. LIMITATIONS The files to be edited are limited in size to about 65,000 bytes each. This and other limitations may be overcome in future versions. There is no undo function. Any text which is deleted is gone. Until the next version is released, which is planned to include a delete-undo function on the Ctrl-U key, it is best to save your work frequently with the F2 key. Of course, any deleted text may be recovered by opening a second window containing the same file, or a .BAK version of it, and performing a block copy to recover the deleted text. The Ctrl-U key, as well as the Esc key, may be used in many places to cancel an operation which is in progress. The tab character, ASCII 9, is not expanded into spaces on the screen. It is instead treated like any other character and is displayed with its natural symbol in the IBM PC extended character set, which looks like a small hollow circle. The Tab key and the Shift-Tab key do move the move the cursor right and left to tab positions on the screen, but no characters are inserted into the file being edited. The options on search functions are somewhat limited in this version. These will be expanded in future versions. Any character in the extended character set from ASCII 0 to ASCII 255 may be entered into a search string with the exception of individual CR, LF, and EOF characters, which are ASCII 13, 10, and 26 respectively. The next version will allow these as well. The color choices for the border, notices, text, block text, found text, and help screen are fixed. The keyboard configuration is also fixed. It is planned that the next version will include a configuration program to customize the colors and the use of the control, alternate, and function keys. - 7 - FUNCTION KEYS The use of the function keys is nonstandard. In VorEdit they are used as follows: F1 -- Displays a quick help screen. If F1 is pressed again, a second help screen is displayed. Press any other key to return to normal editing. For compactness in these displays, the Ctrl key is represented by ^ , the Alt key is represented by @ , and the shift key is represented by # in the help screens only. F2 -- Saves the text file without leaving the editor. The old file is given a .BAK extension. If there are two windows, only the file in the active window is saved. The active window is the window in which the cursor appears. F3 -- Prompts for the name of a different file to edit. If the file has been altered without being saved, you will be asked if you are sure you want to abandon your alterations. If you wish to quit with no change to the original file, answer "y" or "yes". F4 -- Quits the editor and returns to DOS. If the file has been altered without being saved, you will be asked if you are sure you want to quit. If you wish to quit with no change to the original file, answer "y" or "yes". When two files are being edited, this closes the active window and makes the other window active. F5 -- Switches the character at the cursor from upper case to lower case or vice versa. The single and double quote marks are switched. The period, comma, semicolon, and colon are switched. The parenthesis, square bracket, and curly bracket are switched. The forward and backward slash are switched. F6 -- Swaps the character at the cursor with the one immediately following. F7 -- When there are two windows, this compares the two files starting from the top. If the files agree, a message at the top of the screen will indicate that no differences were found. If the files do not agree, the two windows will show the first difference highlighted. F8 -- When there are two windows, this compares the two files starting from the current line of each. The current lines are the line on which the cursor appears and the line on which the cursor would appear if the other window were active. - 8 - F9 -- When there are two windows, this switches which window is active. The cursor is moved from one window to the other. The position of the cursor in the window which becomes inactive is remembered. When only one file is being edited, this allows the user to open a second window. The user is prompted for the name of the second file. F10 -- Moves the text up and down within the window. The position of the cursor relative to the text does not change. If the cursor is not at the top of the window, the cursor moves to the top of the window, taking the text with it. If the cursor is at the top of the window, the cursor moves to the bottom of the window, or down as far as possible, taking the text with it. KEY NAMES The following keys are located to the right of the main portion of the keyboard. The numeric keypad at the right side of the keyboard can also be used for these keys, provided that the Number Lock is turned off. On many keyboards, the numeric keypad provides the only location for these keys. UpArrow These keys usually have arrows on them. DownArrow LeftArrow RightArrow Home End PageUp May be labeled "Pg Up". PageDown May be labeled "Pg Dn". Delete May be labeled "Del". Insert May be labeled "Ins". The following keys are given names in this document, even though they may be identified by symbols on actual keyboards: BackSpace This key is usually located at the upper right corner of the main portion of the keyboard, just above the Enter key. It usually has a backward arrow on it. It should not be confused with the LeftArrow key. - 9 - Tab This key is usually located directly to the left of the Q key. It usually has two arrows on it, an arrow to the left, indicating a backward tab function when the shift key is pressed, and an arrow to the right, indicating a forward tab function. NOTATION The following notation is used in the sections below: Ctrl-A -- This indicates that the "A" key should be pressed while the "Control" key is being held down. Ctrl-Q-R -- This indicates that the "Q" key should be pressed momentarily while the "Control" key is being held down, and that then the "R" key should be pressed momentarily (with or without the "Control" key). Alt-B -- This indicates that the "B" key should be pressed while the "Alternate" key is being held down. Shift-Tab -- This indicates that the "Tab" key should be pressed while the "Shift" key is being held down. CURSOR MOVEMENT The motion of the cursor is limited to the number of lines which have been created in the text file. That is, the cursor can not be moved down past the last line of the file. Ctrl-S or LeftArrow -- Moves the cursor backward. Ctrl-D or RightArrow -- Moves the cursor forward. Ctrl-E or UpArrow -- Moves the cursor up one line. Ctrl-X or DownArrow -- Moves the cursor down one line. Note that the cursor movement using the Ctrl method is accomplished with four keys which form a diamond on the keyboard: E S D X For many touch typists, using the control keys to move the cursor is more effective than using the arrow keys, as the cursor may be moved without taking the hands off of the keyboard. The above diamond makes it easy to remember the direction controlled by each key. - 10 - Ctrl-I or Tab -- Moves the cursor forward until it is at an exact multiple of 5 characters from the beginning of the line. This will place the cursor at column 6, 11, 16, etc. Shift-Tab -- Moves the cursor backward until it is at an exact multiple of 5 characters from the beginning of the line. This will place the cursor at column 1, 6, 11, etc. Ctrl-R or PageUp -- Moves the cursor relative to the text up by one screen (10 or 22 lines). Ctrl-C or PageDown -- Moves the cursor relative to the text down one screen (10 or 22 lines). Ctrl-A or Ctrl-LeftArrow -- Moves the cursor backward one word. Ctrl-F or Ctrl-RightArrow -- Moves the cursor forward one word. Ctrl-Q-S or Home -- Moves the cursor to the beginning of the line. Ctrl-Q-D or End -- Moves the cursor to the end of the line. Ctrl-Q-E or Ctrl-Home -- Moves the cursor to the top of the screen. Ctrl-Q-X or Ctrl-End -- Moves the cursor to the bottom of the screen. Ctrl-Q-R or Ctrl-PageUp -- Moves the cursor to the beginning of the file. Ctrl-Q-C or Ctrl-PageDown -- Moves the cursor to the end of the file. Ctrl-Q-B -- Moves the cursor to the beginning of a marked block. See Ctrl-K-B. Ctrl-Q-K -- Moves the cursor to the end of a marked block. See Ctrl-K-K. Ctrl-Q-W -- Moves the cursor up at least one line and on up to the beginning of the paragraph. Ctrl-Q-Z -- Moves the cursor down to the beginning of the next paragraph. - 11 - Alt-J -- Jump to a specified line. The user is asked for the desired line number. The operation may be canceled with a Ctrl-U or the Esc key. VIEW MOVEMENT Although the cursor movement can affect the portion of the text which is being viewed in the window, the following functions affect only the portion of text which is being viewed. In other words, the text moves, but the cursor keeps its position within the text. The motion of these functions is limited by the beginning and end of the file, and by the requirement that the cursor must remain within the window. Ctrl-W -- The text view is moved up one line. Ctrl-Z -- The text view is moved down one line. F10 -- The text view is alternately moved up and down so that the cursor moves from the top to the bottom of the window. INSERTING TEXT When editing in "insert" mode, the new character is inserted at the location of the cursor, and the position of the cursor is moved ahead one space, together with any text on the line from the position of the cursor rightward. When editing in "overwrite" mode, the new character replaces any character which is currently at the location of the cursor, and the position of the cursor is moved ahead one space. This is useful at times, but also can also result in accidental destruction of desired text. The initial mode of the editor is "insert" mode. In order to put the editor into "overwrite" mode, two steps are necessary. The Ins key must be turned on with the Ctrl-O-I keys, and then either the Ctrl-V or the Ins key must be pressed. Unless the -CLN option was used on the DOS command line, VorEdit does not enter spaces at the end of a line. If a line is altered in any way, any previously existing spaces at the end of the line will be removed. - 12 - Alpha-Numeric Keys -- Any of the standard alphabetic or numeric keys may be used for entering characters. This will allow the generation of any character from 32 to 95. Alt-Numeric-KeyPad -- Any character of the extended character set, from 32 to 255, may be inserted into the text by holding down the Alt key while entering the number of the desired character on the numeric keypad on the right side of the keyboard. Ctrl-P- -- Any of the control characters, from 0 to 31, may be inserted into the text by using Ctrl-P followed by another key. See the following list of these control characters. Ctrl-P-2 -- 0 Null. Looks like a space. Ctrl-P-A -- 1 Ctrl-P-B -- 2 Ctrl-P-C -- 3 Ctrl-P-D -- 4 Ctrl-P-E -- 5 Ctrl-P-F -- 6 Ctrl-P-G -- 7 Bell. Ctrl-P-H -- 8 Back-Space. Used for a printer overstrike. Ctrl-P-I -- 9 Tab. Ctrl-P-J -- 10 Line-Feed. A new line in VorEdit. Ctrl-P-K -- 11 Ctrl-P-L -- 12 Form-Feed. Ctrl-P-M -- 13 Carriage-Return. A new line in VorEdit. Ctrl-P-N -- 14 Ctrl-P-O -- 15 Ctrl-P-P -- 16 Ctrl-P-Q -- 17 Ctrl-P-R -- 18 Ctrl-P-S -- 19 Ctrl-P-T -- 20 Ctrl-P-U -- 21 Ctrl-P-V -- 22 Ctrl-P-W -- 23 Ctrl-P-X -- 24 Ctrl-P-Y -- 25 Ctrl-P-Z -- 26 End-Of-File. A new line in VorEdit. Ctrl-P-[ -- 27 Escape. Ctrl-P-\ -- 28 Ctrl-P-] -- 29 Ctrl-P-6 -- 30 Ctrl-P - -- 31 - 13 - The Tab character, ASCII 9, may also be entered with Ctrl-P-Tab, but the Ctrl key must be released before the Tab is pressed. The Escape character, ASCII 27, may also be entered with Ctrl-P-Esc. SAMPLE PRINTER CONTROL FILE As an example of how these special characters might be used, suppose that the objective is to create a file to send a new page sequence to a printer. First open a new file FORMFEED.PRN with the following command: VOREDIT -CLN -EOF FORMFEED.PRN Then enter a CR (carriage-return) and a FF (form-feed) into the new file with the Ctrl-P-M and Ctrl-P-L keys. Save the file with the F2 key. The new file will have a byte length of 2, containing an ASCII 13 and an ASCII 12. This file may be sent to the printer with a command like one of the following: COPY /B FORMFEED.PRN PRN COPY /B FORMFEED.PRN LPT1: COPY /B FORMFEED.PRN COM1: The exact form of the destination used will depend upon the port which the printer is connected to. The PRN device is ordinarily the same as LPT1. The purpose of the carriage-return in the above example is to guarantee that the printer horizontal position is moved back to the beginning of the line, as some printers use the form-feed to eject a page, but do not automatically reset the horizontal position. EDITING COMMANDS Ctrl-M or Enter -- When editing in "insert" mode, this creates a new line with any text from the position of the cursor rightward. The cursor moves to the beginning of the new line. When editing in "overwrite" mode, this moves the cursor to the beginning of the next line, but will not create a new line. - 14 - Ctrl-N -- Creates a new line with the text from the position of the cursor rightward, but the cursor remains at the end of the old line. Ctrl-H or BackSpace -- Deletes the character before the cursor, and the cursor is moved one space to the left. When in "insert" mode, the rest of the line from the position of the cursor rightward is moved with the cursor one space to the left. When in "insert" mode, if the cursor is at the beginning of a line, the entire line is moved up to the end of the line above it, together with the cursor. When in "overwrite" mode, if the cursor is at the beginning of a line, the cursor is moved up to the end of the line above it, but the text itself does not move. Ctrl-G or Delete -- Deletes the character at the cursor position. The rest of the line, rightward from the position of the cursor, is moved one space to the left. If the cursor is at or past the end of a line, the following line will be pulled up to the cursor position. Ctrl-T -- Deletes all characters on the same line as the cursor from the cursor to the beginning of the next word. Ctrl-Y -- Deletes the entire line which the cursor is on. The lines below the cursor all move up to fill the gap. Ctrl-Q-Y -- Deletes all characters on the same line as the cursor from the cursor to the end of the line. - 15 - QUERY LINE EDITING When VorEdit is prompting for special input, such as a filename, a number, a yes/no answer, or search strings, a query line appears at the top of the active window. The user then may use some of the above commands to edit the desired input. If the parameter which is being queried already has a value, this value will appear in the query line when it first appears. This is a default value for the parameter, and may be selected with the Enter key, or it may be edited before being selected. However, if an alpha-numeric key is pressed before the cursor is moved, the default value disappears and is completely replaced with the new input. If it is desired to modify the old value rather than to replace it, begin by moving the cursor in some way. Query line editing is always performed in "insert" mode, even if the regular editing is set to "overwrite" mode. Alpha-Numeric Keys -- Any of the standard alphabetic or numeric keys. Alt-Numeric-KeyPad -- Any character of the extended character set, from 32 to 255. Ctrl-P- -- The characters of the extended character set, from 0 to 31, may be inserted into the text by using Ctrl-P followed by another key, as in normal editing, with the exception of LF, CR, and EOF which are ASCII 10, 13, and 26, respectively. Ctrl-S or LeftArrow -- Moves the cursor backward. Ctrl-D or RightArrow -- Moves the cursor forward. Home -- Moves the cursor to the beginning of the query line input. End -- Moves the cursor to the end of the query line input. Ctrl-H or BackSpace -- Deletes the character before the cursor, and the cursor is moved one space to the left. Ctrl-G or Delete -- Deletes the character at the cursor position. Ctrl-M or Enter -- Accepts the query input. - 16 - Ctrl-U or Esc -- Cancels the operation associated with the query. A parameter keeps its old value. BLOCK COMMANDS Certain operations are performed on a marked block of text. A marked block will appear on the screen in a different color than the normal text. There can be at most one block beginning, and at most one block end. If the block end is after the block beginning, and is in the same window as the block beginning, the block becomes visible and is operative. Ctrl-K-B -- Mark Block Beginning. Ctrl-K-K -- Mark Block End. The block does not include the position of the cursor at the end of the block. Ctrl-K-H -- Hide Block. If a block is marked and visible, the marked block is made invisible and inoperative. If the marked block is invisible, it is made visible and operative. Ctrl-K-C -- Block Copy. The marked block is inserted into the text at the position of the cursor. The new location of the text becomes the marked block. This operation may also be performed between two windows. Ctrl-K-V -- Block Move. The marked block is inserted into the text at the position of the cursor, and deleted from the old location. The new location of the text becomes the marked block. This operation may also be performed between two windows. Ctrl-K-Y -- Block Delete. The marked block is deleted. Ctrl-K-P -- Block Print. The marked block is sent to the printer device PRN. If there is no marked block, the entire file is sent to the printer, followed by a form-feed. See the Ctrl-O-L setup for defining a left margin for printing. - 17 - Ctrl-K-W -- Block Write File. The marked block is written out to a specified filename. Unless the -EOF option has been used on the DOS command line, the created file will be ended with one EOF character. If there is no marked block, the entire file is written out to the specified filename. If a file with the specified filename already exists, you will be asked if you want to overwrite the old file. A backup .BAK file is not created. Ctrl-K-R -- Block Read File. A specified file is inserted into the text at the position of the cursor. The inserted text becomes the marked block. Ctrl-Q-B -- Find Block Begin. The cursor is moved to the block beginning. Ctrl-Q-K -- Find Block End. The cursor is moved to the block end. SEARCH COMMANDS The following commands allow the user to find a text string within the file. In this version, the letters of the found string must match the search string exactly, upper case and lower case exactly the same. Also, the search string may not include a carriage-return, a line-feed, or an end-of-file mark. Other control characters and extended characters may be inserted into the search string in the usual way. Ctrl-Q-F -- String Find. The user is asked for the search string and for options. The allowable find options are G, W, and X. Ctrl-Q-A -- String Find and Replace. The user is asked for the search string, for the replacement string, and for options. The allowable find and replace options are G, W, X, Q, and N. Ctrl-L -- Repeat. The last operation is repeated. If the global G option has been specified, the operation is resumed from the current position of the cursor, not from the top of the file. Ctrl-U or Esc -- Cancel. During query input, the operation may be stopped before it has begun. During a global operation, it may be aborted. - 18 - The options which are used for a search command are remembered, and are given as the default options the next time that command is given. The Find options and the Find and Replace options are remembered separately. Option Description G Global. Start at the top of the file, and do the entire file. W Whole Words. The search string must match with no other letters before or after the found string. Spaces, numbers, punctuation, and other special characters are allowed before and after the found string. X Exact Words. The search string must match with no other characters before or after the found string. Only true spaces, the beginning of the line, and the end of the line are allowed before and after the found string. Q Quick-ask. A replace operation will require only a single "Y" or "y" key press to perform the operation. Any other key press will be interpreted as a "No." N No-ask. A replace operation will be performed without asking the user. If the global G option is also specified, the replacements will proceed through the entire file, with no user input required. TEXT FORMATTING COMMANDS Ctrl-B -- Reformats a paragraph from the line the cursor is on to the end of the paragraph. The cursor is moved to the end of the paragraph. The end of the paragraph is defined as either the end of the file, the next blank line, or the next line starting with a space. Alt-B -- Reformats a paragraph without changing the line which the cursor is on. However, the cursor will be moved to the beginning of the line. Alt-W -- Moves a word from the end of the current line to the beginning of the following line. This is useful when manually reformatting a paragraph. - 19 - SETUP COMMANDS Ctrl-O-A -- Turns the show-all-differences "on" and "off". When "on", all differences on compared lines are highlighted. When "off", the first difference is highlighted up until a character which is not different, and further differences are not highlighted. The initial condition is "off", but may also be turned on with the +ALL option on the DOS command line. Ctrl-O-L -- Asks for the desired value of the left margin. The left margin has no effect on the editor display. It controls the number of extra spaces inserted at the beginning of lines when printing using the Ctrl-K-P block print function. The operation may be canceled with a Ctrl-U or the Esc key. The initial value of the left margin is 0. Ctrl-O-R -- Asks for the desired value of the right line length. The right line length is the maximum width of paragraphs when reformatting with Ctrl-B or Alt-B or when using automatic word wrap. The operation may be canceled with a Ctrl-U or the Esc key. The initial value of the right line length is 65. Ctrl-O-W -- Turns the automatic word wrap "on" and "off". When "on", if any letters are entered beyond the right margin, all words which extend beyond the right margin are wrapped down to a new line. The initial condition of the word wrap is "off". Ctrl-O-N -- Shows the name of the file being edited, momentarily, at the top of the window. - 20 - Ctrl-O-I -- Turns the Ins key "on" and "off". The initial condition is "off", which prevents accidental presses of the Ins key from setting the editor into "overwrite" mode. Ctrl-V or Ins -- When the Ins key has been turned on with Ctrl-O-I keys, this switches the editing mode back and forth from "insert" mode to "overwrite" mode. The initial condition is "insert" mode. FILE AND WINDOW CONTROL Ctrl-K-S or F2 -- Saves the text file without leaving the editor. If there are two windows, only the file in the active window is saved. The active window is the window in which the cursor appears. Unless the -BAK option has been used on the DOS command line, the old file is given a .BAK extension. Any previous file with the same name and a .BAK extension is first deleted. F3 -- Changes the file which is being edited. You will be asked for the name of the new file to be edited. If there are two windows, this changes the file in the active window only. The operation may be canceled with a Ctrl-U or the Esc key. If a file has been altered without having been saved, you will be first asked if you are sure you want to change the file. In order to perform the operation in this case without saving your work, you must answer "y" or "yes". If you want to save your work before you change the file, either answer "save", or else give no answer or some other answer, and then save the file in the usual way with the F2 key. - 21 - Ctrl-K-D -- Saves the file in the active window, and then changes the file which is being edited. You will be asked for the name of the new file to be edited. The operation may be canceled with a Ctrl-U or the Esc key. Ctrl-K-Q or F4 -- Quits the editor without saving the file. If there are two windows, this closes the active window without saving the file. The other window becomes the only window. If a file has been altered without having been saved, you will be asked if you are sure you want to quit or to close the window. In order to perform the operation in this case without saving your work, you must answer "y" or "yes". If you want to save your work before you quit, either answer "save", or else give no answer or some other answer, and then save the file in the usual way with the F2 key. Ctrl-K-X -- Saves the file, and then exits the editor. If there are two windows, this saves the file in the active window, and then closes the window. The other window becomes the only window. Ctrl-O-K or F9 -- If there is only one window, you will be asked for the name of an additional file to be edited. This additional file will be loaded into a second window, which will become the active window. If there are two windows, this switches which window is active. The cursor is moved from one window to the other. The position of the cursor in the window which becomes inactive is remembered. - 22 -